Albigenses
Named for
the town of Albi in southern France where this heresy developed in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries; given this name by the Council of Tours (1163)
Albigenses had its foundation in
Gnosticism, specifically as a neo-
Manichaean sect. Like all Gnostic views of the world, Albigenses held that there were
mutually opposed principles or two gods: the good god of light (usually referred to as Jesus in the New Testament) and
the god of darkness and evil (usually associated with Satan and the “God of the Old Testament"). Anything material was considered evil including the body which was created by Satan.
The soul, created by the good god, was imprisoned in the evil flesh and salvation was possible only through holy living and doing good works. At death, if the person has been spiritual enough, salvation comes to the believer. But, if the person has not been good enough, he is reincarnated as an animal or another human. The Albigenses
denied the resurrection of the body since it was considered evil.
The Albigenses taught that Jesus was God but that He only
appeared as a man while on earth, because if He had taken on a real human body, He would have come under the control of evil. His body was, then, of celestial essence, and with it He penetrated the ear of Mary. It was only apparently that He was born from her and only apparently that He suffered.
His redemption was not an operative action, but solely instructive. Albigenses also taught that the Catholic church of the time was corrupted by its power and wealth. Their asceticism and humility compared to the great affluence of the clergy helped to bring many converts to this movement.
There were two types of Albigenses:
- Believers (credentes) - Albigenses who had not taken the initiation rite of consolamentum to become a Perfect
- Perfects (perfecti) – Albigenses who had taken the initiation rite of consolamentum and had denounced all material possessions, as well as abstained from meat, milk, cheese, eggs, and sexual relations.
The
consolamentum was an initiation rite involving the laying on of hands that was supposed to bring the baptism of the Holy Spirit.
The dualism of the Albigenses was also the basis of their
moral teaching. Man, they taught, is a living contradiction. Hence,
the liberation of the soul from its captivity in the body is the true end of our being. To attain this, suicide is commendable; it was customary among them in the form of the
endura (starvation).
In 1208,
Peter de Castelnau, an official representative of the Pope, was murdered by an Albigenses. Since they had been growing in number, becoming a threat, and would not convert to Christianity,
Pope Innocent III ordered them to be wiped out. The persecution was fierce and the movement was stopped. It had disappeared by the end of the fourteenth century.
Sources:
Christian Apologetics & Research Ministry (CARM)
New Advent Catholic EncyclopediaPrevious heresy posts:
Donatism
Manichaeism
Gnosticism
Pelagianism